LANGUAGE PLANNING

LANGUAGE PLANNING

Abstract

In this small article will discuss about how the relationship of language and measures taken by linguists to establish a system of language.

Key-word

LANGUAGE,PLANNING

A.     Introduction

Talking about language planning does not seem to be separated from policy and the development itself. Why do so because that's really the concept of language planning. What about the state of language planning in Indonesia it self?

Maybe if we were a little look back exactly on October 28 was born Sumpah Pemuda, the basis for determining the beginning of this nation where the concept of language planning. Perhaps if some nations are translated at that time we already have a planning language (language planning). Although it has not been politically independent nation, but to promote linguistic aspects of our nation have thought too far. it is Indonesian.

Why the language planning is necessary? Planning language itself is a concept to determine the policy, implementation and development of language in a particular State. There are several underlying factors; the first in terms of culture, the nation has many languages, so need to choose which language will used, suppose that our own nation. Second, to maintain the native language of that State, so as not eroded by the entry of foreign languages. Usually the concept is implemented to facilitate better communication in the field of governance, as well as other social lives. Therefore, known by the existence of National Language, the official state language, and the Local language. For example the State of Somalia which has been classified into Type Eksoglosik nation.

There are two things that must be done in the development and cultivation of language, including language policy and language planning. It aims to issue the selection or determination of a particular language as a means of communication in that country did not result in political turmoil, which in turn will be able to shake the nation's life in that country.

B.     Language Policy

What is that language policy? If we follow the formula agreed in the national language policy seminar held in Jakarta in 1975, the policy language could be interpreted as a conceptual and political considerations that are intended to provide planning, direction and provisions that can be used as the basis for the overall management of language faced by a nation nationally.

Linguistic problems in the face of every nation is not the same, because depending on the language situation in the country. Countries that already have sufficient linguistic history, and in the country there is only one language course (albeit with many dialects and variety) tend not to have serious language problems. Such countries, for example, Saudi Arabia, and Japa But the countries that formed, and has so many regional languages, the language would have a serious language problem, and have the possibility for the emergence of social turmoil and polotik result of language problems. Indonesia as a country relatively new to the language area not less than 400 fruit, a little lucky because of language problems occur in other countries, has historically been somewhat resolved since a long time.

Language policy objective is to be ongoing communication and intra-state communication with good people, without causing social upheaval and social unrest that could destabilize nations. Therefore, the policy language that has taken Indonesia from the words above can be seen that the policy language is a nation state efforts to determine and define the exact functions and status of the language or languages that exist in the country, so that communication can statehood and nationhood well underway. Apart from giving a decision on the status, position and function of a language, language policy should also provide guidance to the processing of language material that is commonly referred to as a language corpus.

C.     Language planning

Seeing the order in the handling and processing of language problems in countries that multilingual, multiracial, and multicultural, the language planning is an activity that should be done after making the policy language. But the previous should also note that there are experts who put it as a language policy in the planning stages of the language (Neustupni 1970, Gorman 1973, dan Garvin 1973).

The term language planning (language planning) originally used by Haugen (1959) attempt to guide the understanding of language development in the desired direction by planners. According to the next hougen, language planning is not solely on the basis of predicting the future is known in the past, but it is a business plan directed.

In Indonesia the activities which are similar to language planning is already going on before the name was introduced by hougen (Moeliono 1983), ie, since the Japanese occupation when there is Indonesian commission until when Alisjahbana builder Indonesian magazine published in 1948. In fact, if you want to be seen further, language planning in Indonesia has started since Van op huijsen arrange spelling Melayu (Indonesian).

After understanding what is meant by that language planning, the following problem that arises is who should do the planning language. Anyone can be a perpetrator actually planning it in the sense of an individual or government agency or private sector institutions. Historically, it seems, who became principal planning agency that is linguistically, either in institutions or not.

In Indonesia, the institutions involved in the planning and development of languages starting from the establishment commisie voor de volkslectuur which was founded by the Dutch colonial government in 1908, which in 1917 turned into a hall of the literature. Essence of this institution with its magazine library, libraries banner, and kedjawen can be considered as planning and development of language. Then, in 1942 the Japanese government established two commissions resident Indonesian one in Jakarta and one in Medan. Commission is given the task to develop the Indonesian through the formation of scientific terms, preparation of new grammar, and determining said new charges (1983 Moeliono). After the proclamation of independence, the Indonesian government in 1947 to form the committee with the task of Indonesian workers carry out terminology, structure grammar school, and prepare a new dictionary for Indonesian language teaching in schools.

Language planning course should be followed by a step-by-step implementation of what was planned. Implementation with regard to the corpus language spelling system is an ideal preparation (material) that can be used by the speakers correctly, because the spelling system which will facilitate and agreed to launch the course of communication.

Language planning implementation will likely be experiencing obstacles that may result from a lack of proper planning; could also reins of policy holders, of a particular social group, the attitude of speakers of the language. Less precise planning can come from policy-making that is not appropriate or wrong, because it misinterpreted the language problems that must be investigated.

The resistance of the reins of policy holders could occur because those who hold the reins of policies beyond the field of language. In Indonesia, for example, not infrequently, someone who was not influential enough to give a good example of the use of language, in fact also perform actions that do not support the development of language. Among others by saying "a matter of language is a matter of language teachers"

Success or failure of language planning effort is the evaluation problem. In this case it can be said to evaluate the success of language planning is indeed difficult to be carried out. For example, how to evaluate success in the field of language books, language books sebap is not accompanied by detailed descriptions of the target, and no frame of reference is also given time if the results would be achieved approximately.

D.    Conclusion

Language planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of a language or language variety within a speech community. It is often associated with government planning, but is also used by a variety of non-governmental organizations, such as grass-roots organizations and even individuals. The goals of language planning differ depending on the nation or organization, but generally include making planning decisions and possibly changes for the benefit of communication. Planning or improving effective communication can also lead to other social changes such as language shift or assimilation, thereby providing another motivation to plan the structure, function and acquisition of languages.